«تعريف المسنين»: الفرق بين المراجعتين

من ويكيتعمر
اذهب إلى: تصفح، ابحث
(←‏العمر الظاهري Phenotypic age)
(←‏تعريف العمر)
سطر 34: سطر 34:
  
 
===[[العمر المهني]] Occupational age===
 
===[[العمر المهني]] Occupational age===
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حسب مرحلة وظيفية محددة مثل الوصول لمنصب كبير أو [[التقاعد]].
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[[ملف:Descriptive Statistics on Male Age Structure for selected occupations 1983-1995.jpg|تصغير|التعمر المهني من مقالة Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf]]
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حسب مرحلة وظيفية محددة مثل الوصول لمنصب كبير أو [[التقاعد]]. وتتواجد عدة معايير علمية لحساب التعمر المهني.
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* The static age distribution can be readily measured. For descriptive purposes, we use worker age at the 90th (P90), 50th (P50), and 10th (PIO) percentiles to identify "old" and "young" occupations. Although median age is a standard measure, it provides limited information about the age distribution of workers<ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>
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* Age5O+, representing the proportion of workers in an occupation who are 50 or over. Age5O+ = Compmixc(x + SkillsI3a + Conditionst + XV + e <ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>.
 +
*Hire5O+ (proportion of older new hire) represents the proportion of workers by occupation who are "new" hires in a company, defined here as workers with 5 or fewer years of company tenure who are age 50 and over. HireSO+ provides a measure of the age structure among recent hires. Hire50+ = Compmixax +Skillsfib + Conditionst b + Xrb + eb <ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>
 +
*Open50+ (the ratio of the proportions of older new hires to older workers) equal to Hire50+/Age50+, it represents an index measuring the openness or accessibility of an occupation to older new hires, relative to the number of existing older workers<ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>
 +
* age dispersion (CV(Age))<ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>
 +
* size, number of old or young workers (P90 or Pl0),  occupations with the oldest workers (a high P90) etc <ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>
 +
 
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* نتيجة هامة: Among men, occupations with the oldest workers (a high P90) tend to be those requiring few physical demands, flexible hours and schedules, and, for the most part, low skill and training requirements (for example, crossing guards, messengers, private guards, and taxi and bus drivers). Chief executives andjudges are exceptions to the generalization regarding skills, presumably because skills in these occupations depreciate slowly. Most of the occupations with high P9Os also hire a high proportion of older workers, as compared to the economy-wide mean for Hire5O+, which is .10. Interestingly, many "old" occupations (for example, messengers, parking lot attendants, and private guards) have high age dispersion and many young workers, PIO being below the economy-wide mean of 23. Occupations with low training requirements and high physical demands or undesirable hours tend to employ young but not older workers (for example, stock handlers and baggers, cooks). Well-paidjobs requiring lengthy training tend to have few young and few old workers, the latter result owing to retirement combined with little new hiring of older workers. For example, skilled administrative and managerial occupations have low age dispersion. The accessibility measure Open5O+ (the ratio of the proportions of older new hires to older workers) is largely unrelated to age (the correlation of Open50+ and P90 is .03), and obtains some of its highest values in occupations with few older workers (for example, recreation workers and food counter workers). Occupations requiring substantial training tend to have low accessibility for older workers (the correlation of Open5O+ and firm training is -.26). We obtain similar patterns among women <ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>
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*A striking result is the statistically significant effect of wage tilt on the age structure. Occupationswith steeper profiles, aln W/alnEXP, are less likely to have a high proportion of older workers (Age5O+) and less likely to hire older workers (Hire5O+).<ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>
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*  Wage tilt also is associated with occupations that are less open or accessible to older new hires, measured by the ratio of older new hires to older incumbents (Open5O+). This finding provides support for implicit contract theories predicting relative underpayment of young and overpayment of older workers relative to productivity (see, relatedly, Hutchens 1986). It also helps explain both the barriers older workers face in obtaining employment and the substantial earnings losses among older displaced workers. As predicted, higher wage occupations are found to be associated with older work forces, but with substantially less age dispersion. <ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>
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*Skill variables are systematically related to the age structure, but the type of skill matters. As seen above, the occupational wage (skill) level is associated positively with age and negatively with age dispersion. Occupations with firm-provided training, those requiring high numerical aptitude, and those with high computer use have fewer older male workers. Although higher skill requirements are generally associated with lower age dispersion, computer use and numerical aptitude (among men) are exceptions, being associated with greater dispersion due to a large concentration of young workers. Occupations requiring computer use not only employ few older workers, but also are less accessible to older workers, at statistically significant levels, than are other occupations (that is, lower Open5O+, as well as Age5O+ and Hire5O+). Occupations requiring high numerical aptitude exhibit the same pattern, but only among men, not women. <ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>
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*A broad generalization that emerges is that the older work force is relatively highskilled, but not strong in quantitative skills. Older workers are unlikely to select or be selected for jobs providing substantial onthe-job training or requiring computerbased skills.<ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>
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* Occupations with a high proportion of employees working long hours (more than 42 hours a week) have male and female work forces that are older but less age-dispersed. Occupations with high proportions of part-time male and female workers tend to have a more dispersed age distribution, and higher proportions of older workers and older hires <ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>
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*Variable Definitions and Sources <ref>Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf</ref>
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**P90 Age at the 90th percentile of the age distribution. CPS-ORG, 1983-95.
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**P50 Age at the 50th percentile of the age distribution. CPS-ORG, 1983-95.
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**P1O Age at the 10th percentile of the age distribution. CPS-ORG, 1983-95.
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**Age5O+ Proportion of workers who are age 50 or over. CPS-ORG, 1983-95.
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**CV(Age) Coefficient of variation of the age distribution (100 times the standard deviation divided by the mean). CPS-ORG, 1983-95.
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**HireSO+ Proportion of workers with 5 years or less of company tenure who are ages 50 and over. Six CPS supplements containing information on company tenure (time with current employer): January 1983, May 1983, January 1987, May 1988, January 1991, and April 1993.
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**Open5O+ Ratio Hire50+/Age50+.
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**ln(Wage) Mean of log wage in 1995 dollars. CPS-ORG Male W&S, 1983-95.
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**alnW/alnExp Wage equation regression coefficient on log of potential experience (Age-Schooling-6), estimated by occupation. Schooling and other premarket control variables included in the regression. Represents wageexperience elasticity. CPS-ORG Male W&S, 1983-95.
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===[[العمر الوظائفي]] Functional age===
 
===[[العمر الوظائفي]] Functional age===

مراجعة 06:36، 31 ديسمبر 2016

التقدم في السن ظاهرة طبيعية في الحياة تبدأ منذ تكون الجنين في الرحم وتستمر طوال العمر. وتتميز ببناء إحتياطي في كل أعضاء وأجهزة الجسم حتى عمر زمني محدد ثم يحدث إنخفاض "بالإستهلاك" تدريجي في الإحتياطي الوظيفي للجسم ولكن هذا الإنخفاض لا يشترط أن يصاحبه إنخفاض في الأداء الوظيفي.

مع تقدم العمر يظل الجسم قادرا على أداء وظائفه في الظروف العادية ولكن عند حدوث أي ضغوط أو أزمات لا يستطيع ضبط توازنه بدقة و ربما تعرض للإصابة الجزئية

وظاهرة التعمر في المجتمعات هي إنعكاس لنجاح البشر قي تحسين أوضاع المعيشة بشكل عام ومنها أوضاع الرعاية الصحية.

التعمر هو مصطلح يجمع تأثير الزمن على الأشياء. وتقدم العمر ظاهرة متعددة الجوانب (نفسياً - إجتماعياً - صحياً - ذهنياً - إقتصادياً). بعض هذه الجوانب ينقص بتقدم العمر وبعضها يزيد. وتقدم عمر الأشياء مصاحب بمزايا مثلاً تقدم عمر الأجبان والعطور والخرسانة

مفهوم كبر السن

ومفهوم كبر السن متعدد الجوانب ويتم تعريف المسنين بطرق متعددة أشهرها هو أن المسن من تقدم به "العمر" وبلغ عمر زمني محدد. إختلفت الثقافات والعلماء في تحديد العمر الزمني لبلوغ مرحلة المسنين.

و لكن من وجهة النظر الفسيولوجية ”العمر الوظيفي“ يعطينا فكرة أفضل عن الشخص من ”عمره الزمني“. ومثال مشابه لذلك في تقييم حالة السيارات بحساب عدد الكيلومترات التي قطعتها السيارة. و"العمر الوظيفي" أفضل بكثير من "العمر الزمني" وهو عمر السيارة من تاريخ إنتاج الموديل.

بشكل عام مفهوم تقدم العمر أو الإعمار يشتمل على زيادة في حساسية الجسم للأمراض المصاحبة لتقدم العمر وإنخفاض اللأداء الجسماني تقدم العمر (التعمر) ظاهرة طبيعية وهو ليس مرض يأتي لأسباب محددة ويؤدي لنتائج متوقعة. والتعمر لا يحتاج لعلاج ولكن الأمراض التي تحدث مع تقدم العمر تحتاج لعلاج (مثل سلس البول وقصور الذاكرة).

بشكل عام مفهوم تقدم العمر أو التعمر والإعمار قد يشتمل على زيادة في حساسية الجسم للأمراض المصاحبة لتقدم العمر وإنخفاض الأداء الجسماني.


تعريف العمر

تعريف المسنين عند جهاز التعبئة العامة والإحصاء = أكثر من 65 عام.

العمر الزمني Chronologic age

يتم حسابه حسب فترة زمنية محددة (حدة زمنية لقياس العمر.

  • السنة الشمسية: مثل حساب العمر بالتاريخ الميلادي (الوحدة الزمنية هي 365 يوم).
  • السنة القمرية: مثل حساب العمر بالسنة الهجرية (الوحدة الزمنية هي 354.37 يوم).
    • بالفصل السنوي: الكثير من القبائل البدائية.
    • بالشهور: بعض القبائل البدائية.
    • بالأيام: الإنسان في بداية حياته - الرعاية الملطفة في أخر الحياة - بعض الكائنات الحية مثل بعض الفراشات.

ولقب شيخ أو مسن يطلق عادة على من وصل سن ال60 أو ال65 عاما.

  • we define 'elderly' somewhat arbitrarily as older than 60 years of age[1]
  • The term 'very elderly' is defined as an age greater than 85 years, a cutoff that might be more clinically relevant as the health of the aging population improves[2]

العمر المهني Occupational age

التعمر المهني من مقالة Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf

حسب مرحلة وظيفية محددة مثل الوصول لمنصب كبير أو التقاعد. وتتواجد عدة معايير علمية لحساب التعمر المهني.

  • The static age distribution can be readily measured. For descriptive purposes, we use worker age at the 90th (P90), 50th (P50), and 10th (PIO) percentiles to identify "old" and "young" occupations. Although median age is a standard measure, it provides limited information about the age distribution of workers[3]
  • Age5O+, representing the proportion of workers in an occupation who are 50 or over. Age5O+ = Compmixc(x + SkillsI3a + Conditionst + XV + e [4].
  • Hire5O+ (proportion of older new hire) represents the proportion of workers by occupation who are "new" hires in a company, defined here as workers with 5 or fewer years of company tenure who are age 50 and over. HireSO+ provides a measure of the age structure among recent hires. Hire50+ = Compmixax +Skillsfib + Conditionst b + Xrb + eb [5]
  • Open50+ (the ratio of the proportions of older new hires to older workers) equal to Hire50+/Age50+, it represents an index measuring the openness or accessibility of an occupation to older new hires, relative to the number of existing older workers[6]
  • age dispersion (CV(Age))[7]
  • size, number of old or young workers (P90 or Pl0), occupations with the oldest workers (a high P90) etc [8]
  • نتيجة هامة: Among men, occupations with the oldest workers (a high P90) tend to be those requiring few physical demands, flexible hours and schedules, and, for the most part, low skill and training requirements (for example, crossing guards, messengers, private guards, and taxi and bus drivers). Chief executives andjudges are exceptions to the generalization regarding skills, presumably because skills in these occupations depreciate slowly. Most of the occupations with high P9Os also hire a high proportion of older workers, as compared to the economy-wide mean for Hire5O+, which is .10. Interestingly, many "old" occupations (for example, messengers, parking lot attendants, and private guards) have high age dispersion and many young workers, PIO being below the economy-wide mean of 23. Occupations with low training requirements and high physical demands or undesirable hours tend to employ young but not older workers (for example, stock handlers and baggers, cooks). Well-paidjobs requiring lengthy training tend to have few young and few old workers, the latter result owing to retirement combined with little new hiring of older workers. For example, skilled administrative and managerial occupations have low age dispersion. The accessibility measure Open5O+ (the ratio of the proportions of older new hires to older workers) is largely unrelated to age (the correlation of Open50+ and P90 is .03), and obtains some of its highest values in occupations with few older workers (for example, recreation workers and food counter workers). Occupations requiring substantial training tend to have low accessibility for older workers (the correlation of Open5O+ and firm training is -.26). We obtain similar patterns among women [9]
  • A striking result is the statistically significant effect of wage tilt on the age structure. Occupationswith steeper profiles, aln W/alnEXP, are less likely to have a high proportion of older workers (Age5O+) and less likely to hire older workers (Hire5O+).[10]
  • Wage tilt also is associated with occupations that are less open or accessible to older new hires, measured by the ratio of older new hires to older incumbents (Open5O+). This finding provides support for implicit contract theories predicting relative underpayment of young and overpayment of older workers relative to productivity (see, relatedly, Hutchens 1986). It also helps explain both the barriers older workers face in obtaining employment and the substantial earnings losses among older displaced workers. As predicted, higher wage occupations are found to be associated with older work forces, but with substantially less age dispersion. [11]
  • Skill variables are systematically related to the age structure, but the type of skill matters. As seen above, the occupational wage (skill) level is associated positively with age and negatively with age dispersion. Occupations with firm-provided training, those requiring high numerical aptitude, and those with high computer use have fewer older male workers. Although higher skill requirements are generally associated with lower age dispersion, computer use and numerical aptitude (among men) are exceptions, being associated with greater dispersion due to a large concentration of young workers. Occupations requiring computer use not only employ few older workers, but also are less accessible to older workers, at statistically significant levels, than are other occupations (that is, lower Open5O+, as well as Age5O+ and Hire5O+). Occupations requiring high numerical aptitude exhibit the same pattern, but only among men, not women. [12]
  • A broad generalization that emerges is that the older work force is relatively highskilled, but not strong in quantitative skills. Older workers are unlikely to select or be selected for jobs providing substantial onthe-job training or requiring computerbased skills.[13]
  • Occupations with a high proportion of employees working long hours (more than 42 hours a week) have male and female work forces that are older but less age-dispersed. Occupations with high proportions of part-time male and female workers tend to have a more dispersed age distribution, and higher proportions of older workers and older hires [14]
  • Variable Definitions and Sources [15]
    • P90 Age at the 90th percentile of the age distribution. CPS-ORG, 1983-95.
    • P50 Age at the 50th percentile of the age distribution. CPS-ORG, 1983-95.
    • P1O Age at the 10th percentile of the age distribution. CPS-ORG, 1983-95.
    • Age5O+ Proportion of workers who are age 50 or over. CPS-ORG, 1983-95.
    • CV(Age) Coefficient of variation of the age distribution (100 times the standard deviation divided by the mean). CPS-ORG, 1983-95.
    • HireSO+ Proportion of workers with 5 years or less of company tenure who are ages 50 and over. Six CPS supplements containing information on company tenure (time with current employer): January 1983, May 1983, January 1987, May 1988, January 1991, and April 1993.
    • Open5O+ Ratio Hire50+/Age50+.
    • ln(Wage) Mean of log wage in 1995 dollars. CPS-ORG Male W&S, 1983-95.
    • alnW/alnExp Wage equation regression coefficient on log of potential experience (Age-Schooling-6), estimated by occupation. Schooling and other premarket control variables included in the regression. Represents wageexperience elasticity. CPS-ORG Male W&S, 1983-95.


العمر الوظائفي Functional age

يمثل عمل وظاائف الجسم (إستهلاك الجهاز المفصلي في الوظائف ذات المجهود البدني) مثل حساب حالة السيارة حسب عداد الكيلومترات وليس حسب تاريخ إنتاج الموديل.

والعمر الوظيفي/الفسيولوجي Functional/Physiologic age حسب إحتياطي الأعضاء مثل الكلى والقلب والرئة

العمر العقلي Mental age

النمو والضمور العقلي مناسب لفئته العمرية الزمنية

العمر الإجتماعي Social age

الجدود والأحفاد - التقاعد وسن المعاش - مرحلة دينية ثقافية محددة مثل الحج العمر الإجتماعي/الإقتصاديٍ Socio-economic age حسب سن المعاش (45-68 عام في المتوسط 60 عام) - الأحفاد

العمر النفسي Psychologic age

إستقبال الشخص ومفهومه عن فئته العمريٍة Self perception of Ageing (المفهوم الذاتي) مفهوم الذات-تزوج الأبناء-وفاة الزوج-المعاش

العمر الظاهري Phenotypic age

العمر الظاهري أو العمر المشاهد المظهري Visual/Morphologic age حسب المظاهر الخارجيةمثل بياض/شيب الشعر - تأثر الجهاز العضلي والحركي - تأثر الجلد بالتجاعيد (يعكس التعرض للشمس أكثر من العمر الزمني). وهناك ما يسمى بالعمرالظاهري العطري Aromatic age حيث وجد أن بعض العطور تؤثر على إستقبال الأخرين لعمر الشخص مثل رائحة الكنتالوب في إحدى الدراسات.

التعمر حسب المنفذ التنفسي Airway Management Assessment age

التعمر في تقييم المنفذ النفسي يبدأ من عمر 55 عاماً. إستنتجت الأبحاث العلمية أن المسنين تحدث لهم عدة تغييرات تجعلهم أكثر صعوبة في التعامل مع المنفذ التنفسي. وتم إجراء دراسات عديدة لتحديد الحد العمري الفاصل بين وجوب صعوبة في التنفس بإستخدام القناع التنفسي Difficult mask ventilation. وقد حددت هذه الدراسات عمر 55 عاماً لبدء الصعوبة[16].

مفاهيم ومصطلحات مرتبطة بالعمر والتوقع العمري

إستقبال العمر Perception of aging

  • زمنياً
  • ظاهرياً
  • صوتياً
  • نفسياً
  • إجتماعياً
  • بالحواس (الرائحة والبصر والسمع).

أمثال وحكم ثقافية في نفس الإطار

  • أكبر منك بيوم يعرف عنك بسنة.
  • يوم بمائة يوم.
  • الحياة بعدد الأيام السعيدة فيها.
  • فاتك كل عمرك.
  • العمر لحظة.

من مقالة كتبها ashashyou من قبل في يونيو 2013 على صفحة Old Globe

What is ageing?

  • بعض الأدبيات تمس روحك عند قراءتها لأنها تشرح كل الظواهر ذات الصلة بالتعمر مثل التعمر الإجتماعي والنفسي والسلوكي والصحي والإقتصادي.

As for the part of literature that touched my soul that explains all the social, psychological, behavioral, medical and economic phenomenas around the elderly, i recommend to read:

  • ينصح بقراءة رواية المهلة الأخيرة (صدرت بالروسية في 1970) للكاتب الروسي الحائز على نوبل "فالنتين راسبوتين". ومتوافر منها نسخ بالعربية. Последний срок, 1970 (The Last Term) novel by Valentin Rasputin (i have read the Arabic version)
  • It talks about an elder widow living with her son at her old home. The author draws a picture comparing her with her Active Ager nighbour. He has also draws a full picture of the relation between that old widow and her daughter-in-law and her grandchild plus the interactions of Caregivers (sons and daughters) as regard her care. The caregivers did not dedicate time to their beloved elder until they were called to attend his last illness as this might be the "Last term".
  • I think this work put a red flag about "the last chance" to deliver care for present elderly (they) in the current time and for the future elderly (we).
  • I think the work need to be put in a film without doing any missing with the concepts inside it.
  • I invite every person interested in Ageing to read it!!!

بعض المفاهيم العلمية حول التعمرAs i am a Physician i need to talk about scientific concepts related to ageing:

  • We actually start Ageing since we are a fetus inside our mother's uterus. We continue to age after being born some cells stop division temperorily while other continue to have serial divisions to repair any damage through life. Cell division is a finite phenomenum as stated in the Hayflick principal.
  • Perception of Ageing is a dynamic concept.
  • There are many ways to measure or define ones age:
  • Chronologic age: means of age as regard the time we spent on Earth.
  • Gerigorian calnder
  • Hijri years (Muslims) (Shorter than Gregorian calender)
  • Ancient Semitics ("Seasonal year" = 3 monthes) thats why some ages in Ancient texts are exaggerated (unless they are divided by 4 to be in the 12 monthes "year")
  • WHO definition of old age in Africa is 50 years
  • Biologic age: is the age that most normal people would be when they have a body and mind similar to yours
  • Telomeres length could be used to measure it generally
  • Physical age: Means how old are you as percepted by yourself & others
  • Face, Gery hair & boldness
  • Clothing
  • Walker/cane
  • Functional age: age according to functional performance
  • Climbing stairs
  • Driving
  • Mental age: Age determined through comparing mental tests results with population cohort results
  • Mental IQ age
  • Executive functions, reaction time, Learning
  • Physiologic age: physiological aging does not occur at the same rate throughout the population, for example smokers have a far more pysilogicaly older lung compared to non smokers
  • Vision, hearing
  • Heart, Lung
  • Social age: Many situations are percieved by humans as a sign of Ageing whatever the chronologic age is.
  • Grandfathering
  • Retirements
  • African Massai tribes and primitive tribes elderlyhood definitions
  • Changing perception of Ageing (PoA):
  • Physical appearance
  • Psychologic: Happy moments, workload
  • Smell (Apricot odor decrease perception of Ageing)!!!

Scientific concepts

  • Disability free life expectancy (DFLE): is the average years an individual is expected to live free of disability
  • Healthy life years (HLY): is number of years that a person is expected to continue to live in a healthy condition
  • Life expectancy: is the mean additional number of years that a person of an age can expect to live, if subjected throughout the rest of his or her life to the current mortality conditions
  • Healthy life expectancy: the average years a person aged 'x' would live in good health if he or she experiences the particular area's age-specific mortality and health rates throughout their life.
  • Ageing society: A society in which 7% or more of its population are over 60 years

معنى ومفهوم التعمر في المجتمع المصري old means

  • As an Egyptian, Muslim, male, Oriental (Middle east), Physician (Geriatrician), Academic (Lecturer in Faculty of Medicine), a husband to a Physican (she works 4 days a week), a father of 2 children and reader in world history to be old means many aspects to me and to people who have common cultural backgrounds:
  • To be old means have wisdom (old is gold)
  • means being respected by society
  • means i have to be careful in all what i say or do as every body sees me as an example to learn from and follow
  • means i can retire from many things that i had to do to earn a living
  • means i can go back to my old hobbies as reading and sports
  • means i mostly have raised my children and perhaps helped them to marry and get me grand children (like i got to my parents), i am sure that i would love them the same way or perhaps more than i love my 2 children. I notice that my parents in a some way or another seem to love thier grand children than thier children. In Egypt we have a proverb mentioning that the dearest son is the son of the son أعز الولد هو ولد الولد.
  • means that probaly my parents would have died or suffering dementia or other frailty disorders which i can not and dont want to see them in this situation.
  • means that i am on my way to medical disorders and disability and loss of dependance probably.
  • means that i am going to have an income less than my last salary before retirement (In Egypt we have a bad retirement system). I am going to suffer unless i have savings or any sort of arrangements.
  • means that i may be close to death and that i need to come closer to God by doing more prayers and more good things to the society.
  • means that i may lose some of my friends and family members as i am ageing. (suffer of loss).
  • means that i wold probably have been promoted in my career or have climbed the stairs into a more higher situation in my profession. By continous medical education.
  • means that my learning ability and cognitive functions is going to deteriorate so i must be prepared by retaing as much as i can a large "neurologic network" and a large "cognitive basket"
  • means that my body is going to be at least less functioning, i would need a larger glass and a cataract surgery (i am worried it might impair my reding ability of the books that i am buying today in view of hoping to read them after retiring). I am also worried about my muscloskeletal system especially my knees.
  • means that i going to have more gastrointestinal tract problems as constipation, dispepsia ...etc
  • means that i am going to loose more hair of the already moderate amonut that is left in my scalp after the raid by the male hormones. I think that these left hair would be silver colored as my father hair and as my grandfather hair.
  • means that i would have to be forced by law to stop working despite the fact that i would probably be able to do work with very good experience.
  • means that i might have to help in rasing the third generation in my family (my future grandsons) same as my parents and my parents in law are doing. HOPEFULLY!

تعريف المسنين في الدول العربية

مصر

للمزيد إضغط تعريف المسنين في مصر

تعريف وزارة الشئون الإجتماعي

من صفحة مديرية الشئون الإجتماعية للقاهرة[1] تعريف المسن والشيخوخة

اختلفت الآراء وتضاربت في تعريف المسن، وهل هو الذي بلغ من العمر سناً معيناً ( ٦٥ عاماً ) مثلاُ فأكثر، أو هو الذي تبدو عليه آثار تميزه بكبر السن، وفي جميع الحالات لا يمكن أن نتبنى تعريفاً واحداً محدداً للأشخاص المسنين.

فمن الناحية اللغوية : المسن هو من كبر سنه وطال عمره، وقد ورد في المعجم الوجيز ( شاخا الإنسان شيخاً وشيخوخة، وهي غالباً عند الخمسين وفوق الكهل ودون الهرم )، كما ورد في القاموس المحيط ( أسن الرجل أي كبرت سنه وهو أسن منه أي أكبر سناً ).

ويرتبط مفهوم المسن بالشيخ والعجوز، وقد جاء في القرآن الكريم ما ذكرته زوجة نبي الله إبراهيم عليه السلام { قَالَتْ يَا وَيْلَتَىٰ أَأَلِدُ وَأَنَا عَجُوزٌ وَهَٰذَا بَعْلِي شَيْخًا } ويتبين من هذه الآية أن الشيخ والعجوز هو كبير السن الذي أثر كبره في نشاطه.

ومرحلة الشيخوخة : تعني الضعف بعد الشدة والقوة، قال تعالى { اللَّهُ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُم مِّن ضَعْفٍ ثُمَّ جَعَلَ مِن بَعْدِ ضَعْفٍ قُوَّةً ثُمَّ جَعَلَ مِن بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ ضَعْفاً وَشَيْبَةً يَخْلُقُ مَا يَشَاءُ وَهُوَ الْعَلِيمُ الْقَدِيرُ }، فهناك شبه إجماع علي اعتبار سن الشيب بداية مرحلة الشيخوخة وتستمر إلى نهاية العمر، إلا أنا هناك بعض الباحثين يرى عدم ربط الشيخوخة بعمر زمني معين لأن ذلك أي العمر يختلف من مجتمع إلي أخر ومن فترة زمنية إلي أخري في نفس المجتمع ويرون أن مقياس السن أو الشيخوخة هو القدرة العملية الاعتبارية للإنسان في أحواله الطبيعية.

وهناك رأي بأن الشيخوخة تغير طبيعي في حياة الإنسان أي أنها تطور فسيولوجي شأنها كمرحلة الرضاعة والطفولة والبلوغ والسن الوسط ثم الكهولة، وهذه سنة الله في خلقه وقد يفسر هذا التغير الفسيولوجي بأنه نتيجة التحول الذي يطرأ علي أنسجة كبير السن وخلاياه.

ومن الناحية البيولوجية, يمكن القول أن الشيخوخة تبدأ باكرا في مرحلة البلوغ أو حتى منذ الطفولة وهي تستمر تدريجيا ولا تتوقف طوال الحياة، فالشيخوخة عملية بيولوجية حتمية، وهي تمثل ظاهرة من ظواهر التطور أو النمو التي يمر بها الإنسان، إذ أنها تعني مجموعه من التغييرات المعقدة في النمو تؤدي مع مرور الزمن إلى تلف التركيب العضوي لأعضاء الجسم الداخلية في الكائن الحي.

وهناك رأي أخر بأن الشيخوخة هي نتيجة لتراكم ظواهر كثيرة منها ما هو مرضي- مثل تصلب الشرايين والأمراض المزمنة - ومنها ما هو بسبب نقص التغذية والتقلبات الجوية والحالة النفسية والعصبية والحالة المناعية ومنها ما هو بسبب المؤثرات الداخليـة والخارجية والإسراف فـي تعاطي العقاقير والعدوى .. إلي آخره مما يـؤدي إلـي الاضمحلال والشيخوخة، ذلك إذا أتـت مبكـرة عن ميعادها الافتراضي.

هذا ويلعب الاستعداد الشخصي والعائلي دوراً في بلوغ الإنسان مرحلة الشيخوخة قبل الأوان وهو الذي يصدق عليه القول بالشيخوخة المبكرة، والفصل بين هذه الأنواع قد لا يكون بالسهولة أو الإمكان ولهذا تعتبر الشيخوخة خلاصة تلك المسببات جميعاً.

ولقد اختلفت الآراء في الوقت الذي تبدأ فيه الشيخوخة، وأوضحت دراسات عدة أن التقدم في السن، وبالتالي ظهور أعراض الشيخوخة سواء صحياً أو نفسياً أو عقلياً قد يبدأ في أي مرحلة من مراحل العمر .... فالقدرات عامة تبدأ في التغير ابتداء من سن العشرين، ومن جهة أخرى فمن المعروف أن سن الشخص قد لا يكون بالضرورة متفقاً واحتفاظه بوظائفه البدنية.

وعلي هذا يتفق الكثيرون علي تعريف الشيخوخة بأنها مرحلة العمر التي تبدأ فيها الوظائف الجسدية والعقلية في التدهور بصورة أكثر وضوحاً مما كانت عليه في الفترات السابقة من العمر.

ومن الناحية الإحصائية لابد من الاتفاق علي سن افتراضي معين، وقد اختارت لجنة خبراء منظمة الصحة العالمية عام ١٩٧٢، سن الخامسة والستين علي أن بداية الاعمار ( كبر السن ) ، باعتبار أن هذا السن يتفق مع سن التقاعد في معظم البلدان، إلا أنه في عام ١٩٨٠ عرفت الأمم المتحدة العمر ستين سنة بأنه العمر الذي يفصل شريحة الأشخاص المسنين عن باقي شرائح السكان.

ومن الناحية الاجتماعية فإن مفهوم الأشخاص المسنين في مجتمع ما يقره عدد من العوامل الثقافية والاجتماعية السائدة في المجتمع وهو يختلف من جيل إلى جيل، أما من الناحية الاقتصادية فيرتبط تعريف المسنين بسن التقاعد المطبق في مجتمع ما غير أن هذا التعريف لا يأخذ بعين الاعتبار العديد من الحالات التي يتقاعد فيها الشخص لأسباب أخرى غير السن وذلك دون أن ينقطع عن مزاولة مناشط اقتصادية مختلفة أخرى.

علي أن سن الإحالة إلي التقاعد لمعظم العاملين في جمهورية مصر العربية هو سن الستين وعلي هذا فإن القانون يعتبر المسن في مصر هو من بلغ سن الستين وذلك لأغراض التقاعد واستحقاق التأمينات الاجتماعية والمعاشات.


إنظر أيضاً

مصادر

مراجع

  1. ↑ http://www.nature.com/nrgastro/journal/v5/n2/full/ncpgasthep1034.html
  2. ↑ http://www.nature.com/nrgastro/journal/v5/n2/full/ncpgasthep1034.html
  3. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  4. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  5. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  6. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  7. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  8. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  9. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  10. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  11. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  12. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  13. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  14. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  15. ↑ Occupational Age Structure and Access for Older Workers. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, Melissa A. Hardy. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2000), pp. 401-418 http://www2.gsu.edu/~ecobth/PaperReprints/AgeStructure_OlderWorkers.pdf
  16. ↑ Magboul M. Ali Magboul: The Dilemma of Airway Assessment and Evaluation. The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology. 2005. Volume 10 Number 1 http://ispub.com/IJA/10/1/10460
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