Egypt Human Development Report 2010

The&Egypt&Human&Development&Report&2010&is&a&major&output&of&the&Human&Development&Project,&executed&by the&Institute&of&National&Planning,&Egypt,&under&the&project&document&EGY/01/006&of&technical&cooperation&with&the& United&Nations&Development&Programme&(UNDP).

Copyright&2010,&United&Nations&Development&Programme,&and&the&Institute&of&National&Planning,&Egypt.

7KHDQDO\VLVDQGSROLF\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRIWKLVUHSRUWGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHÀHFWWKHYLHZVRIWKH81'3RUWKH0LQLVWU\ of&Economic&Development.&The&authors&hold&responsibility&for&the&opinions&expressed&in&this&publication.& All&rights&reserved.&No&part&of&this&publication&may&be&reproduced,&stored&in&a&retrieval&system&or&transmitted&in&any&form&or&by& any&means,&electronic,&mechanical,&photocopying,&recording&or&otherwise,&without&prior&permission&or&reference&to&this&source. Concept,&cover,&photo&montage,&design,&layout&by&Joanne&Cunningham. Illustration&credits

$OOSKRWRJUDSK\E\-RDQQH&XQQLQJKDP�81'3�0'*6DLOLQJWKH1LOH3URMHFW�

Printed&by&Virgin&Graphics&(www.virgingraphic.com) Local:&2010/9803& ,6%

من النص

National Project for Targeting Needy Households

صفحة 33

7KH6WDWHLVQRZLPSOHPHQWLQJ�WKURXJKWKH0LQLVWU\ RI6RFLDO6ROLGDULW\�DQDWLRQDOSURMHFWLQRUGHUWRWDU� get&more&accurately&the&most&vulnerable&households& within&poor&areas.&This&project&was&launched&during& ���� DQG WKH 0LQLVWU\ KDV VHW LWVHOI WKH IROORZLQJ goals: % Determining& the& neediest& households& with& regard&to&social&welfare; % Identifying& the& needs& of& households& which& are& eligible&for&care&and&support; % 0RQLWRULQJWKHDSSURSULDWHQHVVRIVHUYLFHVSUR� YLGHGE\WKH6WDWHWRPHHWWKHVHDFWXDOQHHGV� % Establishing& a& database& of& the& neediest& house� holds&with&regard&to&social&welfare; % Developing&social&welfare&policies&and&programs& in&a&way&that&suits&the&needs&of&households. This&project&is&based&on&two&main&types&of&interven� tions,&which&are&geographic&and&qualitative&targeting,& in&an&effort&to&reach&the&most&needy&households. Qualitative&targeting&was&achieved&through&the&design& of&a&standard&digital&socioeconomic&model&(one&model& for&rural&areas&and&a&second&for&urban&areas)&to&iden� tify&and&classify&the&levels&of&need&of&households.&The& implementation&of&this&model&depends&on&preparing& a& detailed& and& comprehensive& map& of& each& house� KROG FRQGLWLRQ �WKURXJK VRFLDO ¿HOG UHVHDUFK� DQG SUHSDULQJ D ¿OH IRU HDFK KRXVHKROG WKDW GHWHUPLQHV WKHKXPDQ DQG¿QDQFLDO FDSDFLW\ RI WKHKRXVHKROGV besides&their&livelihood&needs.&The&measures&rely&on& a& number& of& economic& and& social& indicators& of& the& household& which& are& strongly& related& to& the&level& of& household&expenditure.&

These&indicators&have&been&divided&into&three&groups:& 7KH¿UVWLVUHODWHGWRWKHKHDGRIKRXVHKROG�HGXFD� tion,& work,& the& existence& of&insurance& or& a& pension,& land&ownership);&the&second&belongs&to&housing&data& (type&of&dwelling,&number&of&rooms,&the&value&of&the& electricity& bill& and& telephone,& the& ownership& of& a& washing&machine/color&TV/vacuum&cleaner);&and&the& third&is&related&to&data&on&family&members&(the&num� ber& of& working&individuals,& the& presence& of& an&indi� vidual&in&special&education,&the&presence&of&a&sick&or& disabled&person).& +RXVHKROGVDUHFODVVL¿HGDFFRUGLQJ WR WKHGHJUHHRI poverty&and&into&four&groups&in&line&with&these&crite� ULD�QDPHO\� WKHH[WUHPHO\SRRU� WKHSRRU� WKHQHDU� SRRU�DQGQRQ�SRRU�(DFKJURXSKDVVSHFL¿FFKDUDF� WHULVWLFVWKDWGHWHUPLQHWKHVL]HDQGWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH EHQH¿WVWKDWWKH\ZLOOJHW�7RLOOXVWUDWHWKHVHWRIFUL� teria&set,&for&example,&the&characteristics&of&extremely& poor&households&(in&rural&and&urban&areas)&are: % )DPLO\ PHPEHUV DUH ¿YH RU PRUH �UXUDO DUHD�� and&six&or&more&(urban&area); % The& percentage& of& working& individuals& is& less& WKDQ���� % 5RRPVSHUFDSLWDDUHOHVVWKDQ���� % Household&head&does&not&have&social&security;& % There&is&no&private&bathroom; % 7KHHOHFWULFLW\ELOOLVOHVVWKDQ/(���UXUDODUHDV�� and&less&than&LE&20&(urban&areas); % There&is&no&landline&telephone; % The&household&does&not&live&in& an&independent& apartment&or&a&rural&house&built&of&red&brick&or& better&(in&rural&areas); % The&head&of&the&household&does&not&have&a&per� manent&job&or&is&illiterate&(in&urban&areas). ,QOLQHZLWK WKLVSURMHFW� WKH0LQLVWU\RI6RFLDO6ROL� darity&is&in&the&process&of&reformulating&the&social&ser� vices& and&programs& and& activating& the& role& of& social& VHUYLFHVFHQWHUVLQDGGLWLRQWRPD[LPL]LQJWKHUROHRI social& researchers&in& order& to&improve& the&effective� ness&of&targeting. Implementation$Update 2YHUDOO� VXFFHVV RU IDLOXUHLQ DSSO\LQJ SURJUDPV IRU WKH ����� SRRUHVWYLOODJHVLQ(J\SWZLOO UHVW RQ WKH DELOLW\ RI DOOSDUWLHV WR VXVWDLQ WKH¿QDQFLDO UHTXLUH� on& construction& and& building& skills& (carpentry,& plumbing)& through& training&centers&of& the&Cen� tral&Agency&for&Reconst

NATIONALIST FEELINGS AND CONCOMITANT IDENTITIES

Pride in their Nationality صفحة 68

$JDLQ� ����� RI WKH VDP� ple&is&proud&of&their&Egyptian&nationality&–&most&are& males&with&university&level&education.&A&comparison& between&young&and&older&people&in&this&respect&shows& that& the& percentage& of& people& proud& of& their& Egyp� T

tian& nationality& is& only& slightly& higher& among& older& SHUVRQV� ZLWK D �� GLIIHUHQFH� $ IHHOLQJ RI QDWLRQDO EHORQJLQJWKXVDSSHDUVWRUHÀHFWDFRPPRQVRFLHWDO trend&cutting&across&generations.& 7KLVSXWV(J\SW¿I

صفحة 74 Trust& also&depends&on& a&direct&social& relation.&Forty& four&percent&of&the&sample&of&young&people&trusts&those& they& know& personally& such& as& friends& and& acquain� tances.&This&is&followed&by&trust&in&neighbors&at&a&rate& RI����,WWKHQJUDGXDOO\GHFUHDVHVUHJDUGLQJPRVWRI the&institutions&and&various&bodies.&The&rate&of&con� ¿GHQFHLVDWLWVORZHVWLQWKHFDVHRISHUVRQVRIRWKHU UHOLJLRQV�SHUVRQVRQHLVVHHLQJIRUWKH¿UVWWLPH�DQG WKRVHZLWKGLIIHUHQWQDWLRQDOLWLHV�2QFHPRUH�FRQVLG� erations&related&to&traditional&kinship&and&family&and& to& direct& personal& relationships& appear& paramount.& In&this&respect,&there&is&a&convergence&between&males& and& females,&young&and&older&peoples,&and&between& various&educational&levels.&& Total of 56 countries Total of 19

صفحة 77 Youth& are& more& likely& to& experience& poverty& than& older&age&groups&and&‘younger&young’&are&at&substan� tially&higher&risk&of&poverty&than&the&‘older&young’.&At& WKHQDWLRQDOOHYHO����RIFKLOGUHQXQGHUDJH��\HDUV ZHUHLQSRYHUW\LQ��������3RYHUW\UDWHVSHDNGUD� PDWLFDOO\ IRU WHHQDJHUV EHWZHHQ �� WR �� \HDUV� ULV� LQJ WRDOPRVW���DQGDOPRVW��� IRU\RXQJDGXOWV EHWZHHQ �� DQG ��\HDUV�7KH\RXQJHUZRUNLQJ�DJH DGXOWVEHWZHHQ��DQG��\HDUV�����KDYHWKHORZHVW LQFLGHQFHRISRYHUW\�6WDUWLQJIURPDJH��\HDUVDQG above,& the&poverty&rate&is&always&below& the&national& average.&This&is&partly&driven&by&changes&in&occupa� tional&status&amon

رابط

• http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/Egypt/Egypt%20Human%20Development%20Report%202010.pdf

��������������