Optogenetics
تعليق: مضخات البروتون والإبصار--احمد شوقي محمدين 20:49، 18 أكتوبر 2016 (ت ع م) يجب عدم إعتبار موضوع تأثير الأدوية على مضخات العين نقطة سلبية بل قد يكون فتح في علاج بعض الأمراض الشبكية مثل retinitis pigmentosa مثلما إقترحت إحدى المقالات. لكن يجب الإحتراز منه ووضعه في الإعتبار عند إستخدام الدواء في المسنين وخصوصا لو لم يتواجد سبب منطقي كافي لإستخدامه فترات طويلة.--احمد شوقي محمدين 20:49، 18 أكتوبر 2016 (ت ع م)
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós], meaning "seen, visible") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time.[1] The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while optical recording of neuronal activities can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (GCaMP), vesicular release (synaptopHluorin), neurotransmitter (GluSnFRs), or membrane voltage (Arclightning, ASAP1).[2] [3] Control or recording is confined to genetically defined neurons and performed in a spatiotemporally precise manner by light. فقرة ذات صلة A nematode expressing the light-sensitive ion channel Mac. Mac is a proton pump originally isolated in the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans and now expressed in the muscle cells of C. elegans that opens in response to green light and causes hyperpolarizing inhibition. Of note is the extension in body length that the worm undergoes each time it is exposed to green light, which is presumably caused by Mac's muscle-relaxant effects
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